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Hayaankaygii waxbarasho & dalbarasho ee Itoobiya

Qaybta 5aad: Astaamaha Nidaamka Federaalka Soomaaliya

Nidaamka federaalka ee hadda ka jira Soomaaliya wuxuu hirgalay 2012 kaddib markii 825 xubnood ee Golaha Qaran ee Dastuurku ay ansixiyeen Dastuurka KMG Agoosto 2012. Tallaabadaasi waxa ay timid kaddib laba iyo toban sano oo  ay dowladda Soomaaliya ku jirtay ku-meel-gaarnimo laga soo billaabo markii magaalada Carta ee Djibouti, lagu soo dhisay Dowladdii Qaran ee Ku-Meel-Gaarka ahayd 2000.

Qodobka 1 (3) ee Axdi Qarameedkii KMG ahaa ee Carta, ayaa dhigaya in la qaatay nidaam federaal ah:

“Jamhuuriyada Somaaliyeed waxey ku dhisnaan doontaa nidamka federaalka ah, haseyeeshee xilliga KMG ah waxaa lagu dhaqmayaa qaabka is-maamul goboleedka. Iyadoo si caddaalad ku dhisan loo qaybsanayo talada iyo maamulka dalka. Habka federaalka iyo shurucda la xiriirta waxaa diyaarinaysa xukumadda ku-meel gaarka ah, waxaana lagu dari doonaa dastuurka loo samayn doono Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed” Axdi Qarameedkii KMG ee Carta 2000

Saldhigga Federaalaynta Dalka

Dad badan oo Soomaali ah ayaa qaba in federaalku uusan ahayn fekrad ku cusub siyaasadda iyo nolosha Soomaalida. Tusaale ahaan, markii la diyaarinayay Dastuurkii 1960 ee ka horreysay inta aan Somaaliya qaadan dowladnimo buuxda, waxaa layska wareysay nidaam siyaasadeedka la qaadanayo ee lagu maamulayo Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ee dhalan doonta. Xisbigii Hizbia Dastur Mustaqil Al-Somalia (HDMS) oo ka mid ahaa xisbiyada siyaasadda ee ugu weynaa ee xilligaa dalka ka dhisnaa ayaa sanadkii 1957 soo jeediyay in Soomaaliya qaadato nidaam federaal awoodda dowladda lagu baahiyo dalka oo idil. Xisbiga HDMS oo Matalayay bulshada Soomaaliyeed ee degta dhulka labada webi, Shabeelle iyo Jubba, ayaa wuxuu ku sababeeyay soojeedintaas in ay tahay mid looga gudbayo marooqsiga awoodda ee beelaha Maxaa-tiriga ku hadla. Sidoo kale, in bulsho waliba deegaankeeda iyadu maamulato oo aan maamulkooda dowlad dhexe laga soo magacaabin waxaa lagu gaari karaa cadaalad bulshadeed oo looga gudbayo takoorka dadka Maay-artiga ku hadla. (Fadlan halkan ugu noqo faafaahin).

Soojeedintaas Xisbiga HDMS ka-sokow, marka dib loo milicsado dhaqanka Soomaalida ee soo jireenka ah, waxaa ku jira walina socda in bulshada Soomaaliyeed ay leedahay  xeer dhaqameed lagu kala dambeeyo. Dhaqankaas wuxuu leeyahay xeer-dhaqan iyo madax dhaqameed hab beeleed u abaabulan. Nidaamka maamul ee Soomaalida, waxaa saldhig u ah Tol, Xeer, Shir iyo dhaqan. Cilmibaarayaasha qaar sida I.M Lewis, waxa ay ogaadeen in jilib kasta ee Beelaha Soomaalidu leeyahay dhaqan (guurti) iyo xeer u gaar ah oo ay kaga duwanyihiin beesha weyn ee ay ka tirsanyihiin (halkan kasii daalaco). Xeerarkaas qaar waxa ay la xiriiraan arrimaha bulshada (sida guurka iyo qoyska), qaarna hantida, kuwa kalena siyaasadda iyo amniga.  Sababta ugu weyn ee kala duwanaashahaasi waxaa loo aaneeyaa in ay jirto kala duwnaasho duruufta dhaqan-dhaqaale, amni iyo siyaasadeed ee jilibyada beelaha taasoo ka imaanaysa deegaanka, qaab nololeedka (xoolaleey, beeraleey, Jillaabato ikk) iyo bay’ada ay ku noolyihiin.

Dad hal beel kasoo jeeda oo dhalyo iyo dhiig wadaag aha ayaa haddana kala xeer iyo dhaqan duwan. Marka in deegaannadu ay kala dowlad hoosaad ahaadaan waa iska caadi maadaama ayan isku baahi ahayn.

Guumeystihii caddaanka ahaa inta uusan imaan dhulka Soomaalida, ma jirin hal nidaam oo ay ku mideysnaayeen Soomaalidu ee taas beddalkeeda, deegaan kastaa wuxuu lahaa saldanad ama boqortooyo ama imaam iyo wixii la mid ah. Kuwaas oo qaab maamulkoodu ahaa mid dhaxaltooyo ah balse awooddiisu ay ku ekeyd siyaasadda guud iyo amniga halka beel waliba ee saldanadda ku hoos nooli ay xeerkeeda iyo dhaqankeea gaar u lahayd si ay ugu maamulato arrimaheeda dhaqan-dhaqaale.

Qaadashada Nidaamka Federaalka

Markii ay dowladdii dhexe burburtay, Soomaalidu waa awoodi waayeen in markiiba dib loo dhiso dowlad Soomaaliyeed. Taasi waxa ay keentay in caalamku soo farageliyo. Qaramada Midoobey, dowladaha deriska, dowladaha saaxiibka la ah Soomaaliya iyo hay’ado kale oo caalami ah ayaa billaabay in ay abaabulaan shirar dib-u-heshiisiin iyo dowlad dhisid. Intii dedaalladaas lagu jiray, ayaa cilmibaaris ay sameeyeen labada barafisoor ee kala ah l.M Lewis and James Mayall oo ka tirsanaa Dugsiga Culuumta Dhaqaalaha iyo Siyaasadda London, waxay sanadkii 1995 soo saareen diraasad ay ku soo bandhigeen xulashooyin (options) nidaam siyaasadeedyada Soomaalidu kala dooran karaan si ay dib ugu dhisaan dowlad caadil ah oo danahooda ka shaqeysa. Xulashooyinkaas waxay kala yihiin (a) nidaam confederal ah oo deegaan waliba dowlad gaar ah yeesho balse lagu midoobo arrimaha dibedda, difaaca iyo dhaqaalaha guud; (b) nidaam federaal ah oo awoodda dowladda loo qaybiyo dowlad dhexe iyo dowlad goboleedyo (sida hadda la qaatay); (c) nidaam dowlad dhexe balse maamulka la baahiyo. Taa macneheedu waa in dowladaha hoose la siiyaa awoodda maamulka iyo adeeg bixinta oo aan lagala noqon karin halka dowladda dhexe (heer qaran) la siinayo awoodaha siyaadada (sovereignty) ee khuseeya siyaasadda iyo amniga dalka. (d) awood-qaybsi bulsho (consociation) oo macneheedu yahay in awoodda ismaamulka loo qaybiyo bulshada (beelaha) oo qolo waliba deegaankeeda gaar u maamulato. Nidaamkaan danbe waxay dheheen wuxuu hoos imaan karaa mid kasta ee saddex nidaam ee hore. (halkan kasii daalaco warbixintaas). Walow labada barafisoor warbixintaas aysan dhiibin talo-soojeedin ku aaddan nidaamka ku habboon Soomaaliya, haddana waxa ay si dadban u taageereen nidaamka Confederaalka oo ay sheegeen in uu waafaqsanyahay nidaamka maamul ee ay Soomaalidu dhaqan ahaan u lahaan jirtay. Qofkii dhuuxa warbixintooda wuxuu dareemayaa in ay badiyeen faa’iidooyinka Confederaal iyo Federaalku ay Soomaalida u leeyihiin iyo sida ay sooyaalkooda ula xiriiraan.

Waagaas iyo wixii ka danbeeyay, Soomaalida iyo caalamka taageeraba waa ku kala aragti duwanaayeen nidaam siyaasadeedka ku habboon Soomaaliya, hase ahaatee waxaa laysku raacsanyahay in la helo nidaam awoodda dowladda lagu baahiyo dalka oo idil oo adeegga dowladda la geeyo xarumo u dhow dadka. Nidaamkaas waa in uu Soomaalida u sahlaa in ay xukunka iska wada dhex arkaan. 

Sida muuqata, hadda waxaa jira nidaam awood-qaybsi beeleed iyo Federaal lays huwiyay waana mid ka mid ah xulalkii ay labada barafisoor soo bandhigeen 1995. Hase ahaatee, Dastuurka KMG ah wali waxaa u dhiman afti qaran lagamana heshiin qaabka federaalka iyo qabiil laysu waafajin doono (halkan kasii daalaco). Wali waa lagu kala aragti duwanyahay nidaam siyaasadeedka ku habboon Soomaaliya. Sidaas darteed, wali lama orankaro Soomaaliya waa federaal.

Itoobiya iyo Kenya oo garab ka helaya badiba hay’adaha Caalamiga ah iyo dowladaha reer Galbeedka ayaa taageera in Soomaaliya yeelato nidaam dowladeed awooddiisu ku baahsantahay dhowr xarumood (multi centers). Nidaamka Federaalkuna waa ka mid.

Astaamaha Nidaamka Federaalka Soomaaliya

Inkasta oo aan horay ku soo aragnay in wali Soomaaliya ahayn federaal buuxa sababaha aan soo sheegay awgood, haddana Dastuurka KMG ah oo ay madaxda Soomaalidu ku heshiiday wuxuu dhigayaa in dalku yahay federaal (eeg qodobka 1 (1) ee Dastuurka KMG). Federaalkaas marka loo eego halbeegyada guud ee nidaam federaal ah, astaamihiisu waxa ay noqonayaan sidan soo socota:-

  1. Dastuur federaal qabyo ah. Astaanta koowaad ee nidaam federaal ah waa in uu jiro dastuur dhamaystiran oo ay umadda qaadatay federaalku heshiis ku tahay. Dastuurka Soomaaliya waa qabyo marka laga eego hannaanka qaadashadiisa oo afti qaran ayaa u dhiman. Dhanka dulucdana waa qabyo maadaama ay jiraan qodobbo badan oo nidaamka dowliga oo aan wali qeexnayn. Itoobiya, Dastuurka Federaalka waxaa sanadkii 1994 ansixiyay Golaha Dastuurka oo ah 547 xubnood oo shacabku soo doorteen si ay u ansixiyaan Dastuurka Federaalka wuxuuna dhaqangal noqday 1995. Dastuurka KMG cagsigiis, Dastuurka Federaalka Itoobiya waa sharciga ugu sarreeya Itoobiya waana ka sarreeya dastuurrada Dowlad Goboleedyada.
  2. Qaybin awoodda dowladda. Dastuurka KMG ahi afar awood ayuu gaar u siiyay dowladda dhexe (heer qaran) waana Arrimaha Dibedda, Difaaca, Siyaasadda Lacagta, Jinsiyadda & Socdaalka. eeg qodobka 54 ee Dastuurka KMG. Awoodaha kale oo idil waa awoodo wadaag ah. Dowlad Goboleedyadu malahan awood ay gaar u leeyihiin marka laga reebo in ay yeelan karaan dastuur iyo dowlado hoose (eeg qodobbada 48 (1 b) iyo 120 ee Dastuurka KMG). Qaybinta awoodaha waxaa kawada xaajoon doona Dowladda Federaalka iyo Dowlad Goboleedyada iyada oo lagu saleynayo Qodobka 50 (1) (b) oo mabda’ ahaan dhigaya sidan “Awood walba waa in la siiyo hadba heer xukuumadeedka sida ugu wax-ku-oolsan u fulin karta”. Taas waxaa laga fahmi karaa, sida qaybo kale ee Dastuurku dhigayaan, in wali wadaxaajood uu dhimanyahay lagu jaangoynayo qaybinta awoodaha dowladda. Dastuurka Itoobiya waa kala qaybiyay awoodaha dowladda, kuwa u gaar ah heer waliba iyo kuwo la wadaago iyo sida loo gudanayo awoodaha iyo masuuliyadaha ay heerarka dowladdu wadaagaan. Itoobiya, awooddaha siyaasadeed ee aan la sheegin waxaa leh dowlad goboleedyada halka awoodaha dhaqaale ee aan la sheegin ay leedahay dowladda dhexe.
  3. Dhismaha heerarka dowladda. Qodobka 48 wuxuu dhigayaa in heerarka Dowladda Jamhuuriyaddu yihiin: Dowladda Federaalka iyo Dowladaha Xubnaha ka ah Federaalka oo ay Dowladaha Hoose iyaga hoos imaanayaan. Dastuurka KMG wuxuu dhigayaa in laba gobol iyo wixii ka badan ay samaysan karaan dowlad goboleed balse ma cadeynayo habraaca loo marayo dhismaha. Taasi waxa ay keentay in la dhiso dowlad goboleedyo madax-ka-nool ah oo aan siyaasiyiinta beeluhu heshiis ku wada ahayn. Tan kale waa xuduudka u dhexeyn doona oo aan wali la cayimin maadaama dowladdii dhexe ee jirtay, xuduudku degmooyinku ahaayeen kuwo aan calaamado la yaqaan lahayn. Dhankaas marka la eego, Dastuurka Itoobiya wuxuu tixay dowlad goboleedyada federaalka lagu aasaasay sidoo kale wuxuu faahfaahiyay shuruudaha iyo habraacyada dhismaha dowlad goboleed cusub. Arrimahaan oo Dastuurka KMG ahi uu gabi ahaanba ka aamusay.
  4. Xiriirka heerarka dowladda. Dastuurka KMG ahi wuxuu faahfaahiyay mabaadi’da xiriirka heerarka dowladda ee Soomaaliya. Qodobbada 50 ilaa 53 ee Dastuurka KMG ayaa arrimahaas xeeriyay balse waxba ka hirgalin arrimahaas uu Dastuurku dhigay. Ilaa hadda ma jiraan sharciyadii hagi lahaa xiriirka iyo wada shaqaynta heerarka dowladda iyo xallinta khilaafka. Lama dhisin Guddiga Madaxa Bannaan ee Isku-xirka Xukuumadaha ee Dastuurku faray. eeg qodobka 111f ee Dastuurka. Dastuurka Itoobiya waa ka hooseeyaa Dastuurka KMG ee Soomaaliya marka la joogo xeerinta arrimaha xiriirka iyo wada shaqaynta heerarka dowladda balse marka waaqica loo yimaad, nidaam siyaasadeedka Itoobiya ee halka xisbi ayaa daboolay baahidii iskaashiga iyo wada shaqaynta heerarka dowladda. Fadlan ka akhri qormadii hore ee qaybta 4aad.
  5. Xallinta khilaafka heerarka dowladda. Habka Dastuurka KMG u dhigay xallinta khilaafka Federaalku waa in (a) Heer waliba uu u hoggaansamo Dastuurka Federaalka oo uusan sheegan awood aan Dastuurku siinin; (b) in awoodda la siiyo heer xukuumadeedka u gudan kara sida ugu wax-ku-oolsan, kheyraadkana loo qaybsado si cadaalad ah; (c) in heerarka dowladdu yeeshaan xiriir iyo wadashaqayn joogta, khilaafkana lagu xalliyo wada hadal iyo dib-u-heshiisiin; iyo (d) Maxkamadda Dastuurka oo leh awoodda kama damaysta ah ee go’aan ka gaarista murannada heerarka dowladda. Arrimahaas walow ay Dastuurka ku qeexanyihiin haddana wali ma hirgelin waana tan keentay in heerarkii dowladdu wada shaqayn waayaan oo howlihii dowladdu socon waayaan. Qodobka ugu dambeeya ee Maxkamadda Dastuurku wuxuu ku xiranyahay awoodda ciidanka milatariga oo la’aantiis go’aannada Maxkamaddu aysan fulayn. Aqalka Federationka oo ka mid ah hay’adaha Dowladda Federaalka Itoobiya kana kooban xubno matala qowmiyadaha Itoobiya, ayaa Itoobiya u qaabilsan xallinta khilaafka heerarka dowladda, go’aannadiisana waxaa hirgeliya ciidanka qaranka. Tusaale waxaa ku filan go’aankii Dowlad Degaanka Soomaalida 2019 iyo kii Dowlad Degaanka Tigray 2020. Go’aanka Dowladda Federaalka waxaa fuliyay Ciidanka Qaranka.
  6. Matelaadda dowlad goboleedyada ee heer hederaal. Aqalka Sare ee Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya wuxuu ka yimaadaa Dowlad Goboleedyada. Sidoo kale Dastuurku wuxuu dhigayaa in Hay’adaha Madaxa Bannaan qaar sida Guddiga Isku-xirka Xukuumadaha ay Dowlad Goboleedyadu xubno ku yeeshaan. Dastuurka Itoobiya ma siinin Dowlad Goboleedyada matelaad ay ku yeeshaan hay’adaha heer Federaal ee Itoobiya.

Somaliland iyo Federaalka

Dowladdii Dhexe markii ay duntay 1991, gobollada Woqooyi-Galbeed Soomaaliya waxaa qabsatay jabhaddii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) kuwaasoo ku dhawaaqay gooni isutaag kaddibna sameeyay Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. SNM iyo Somaliland midna kama qaybgalin shirarkii dib-u-heshiisiinta iyo dowlad-dhiska ee loo qabtay Soomaalida. Wadahadalladii ay yeesheen Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland 2012-2020 waxay ku soo dhamaadeen natiijo la’aan marka loo eego qadiyadda mideynta dalka. Aragtida Dowladda Soomaaliya waa in midnimadu tahay biyo-kama-dhibcaan wixii kale na laga wada hadli karo, taa cagsigeeda, Somaliland waxay qabtaa in gooni isu taagga Somaliland yahay khad cas wixii kasoo harana laga wada hadli karo.

Itoobiya waxa ay Somaliland siisay maqaam diblomaasiyadeed sare. Waxay aqoonsatay baasaboorka Somaliland, Somaliland iyo Itoobiya waxay is weydaarsadeen ergo diblomaasiyadeed iyo kanaalo xiriir diblomaasi oo aan Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya soo marin. Madaxda Somaliland waxaa loo qaabilaa hab diblomaasiyadeed heerkiisu sarreeyo, duulimaadka Ethiopian Airlines ayaa toos uga degta Hargeysa iyo Somaliland. Itoobiya iyo Somaliland waxa ay galeen heshiisyo ganacsi iyo kuwo siyaasadeed.

Shacabka Itoobiya ee caadiga ah waxaa isugu mid ah Soomaaliya iyo Somaliland, balse siyaasiyiinta iyo aqoonyahankeeda waxay u badanyihiin in ay aaminsanyihiin in Somaliland iyo Soomaaliya laba kala yihiin maadaama Dowladda Soomaaliya aysan saameyn ku lahayn Somaliland ayna ka badin wayday xal-u-helidda Koonfurta Soomaaliya. Sidaa darteed, qolooyinka danbe waxa ay qabaan in Somaliland gaar loola tacaamulo maadaama dano dhaqaale iyo kuwo amni ay uga xiranyihiin.

Puntland iyo Federaalka

Puntland waa qayb ka mid Soomaaliya waana hooyada Federaalka Soomaaliya balse waqtigan la joogo aan ka mid ahayn federaalka jira. Qodobka 4 (1) ee Dastuurka Puntland wuxuu dhigayaa:

“Dawladda Puntland waa qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya, xil ayaana ka saaran hirgelinta Dawlad Soomaaliyeed oo ku dhisan habka Federaaliga ah”

faqradda 3aad ee isla qodobkaas wuxuu dhigayaa:

“…ilaa iyo inta Soomaaliya yeelanayso Dastuur Federaal ah oo ay Puntland ansixiso, dabadeedna afti dadweyne lagu meelmariyey, Puntland waxay lahaaneysaa awood Dawlad madaxbannaan” Dastuurka Puntlan

Qodobkaas waxaa taageeraya Qodobka 142 (1) ee Dastuurka KMG. Puntland waxa ay ka mid tahay Soomaaliya balse kama mid ahan dowlad goboleedyada hadda jira. Sidaa awgeed, Dastuurka KMG ma qabanayo Dowladda Puntland oo hadda leh awood dowlad madax bannaan ilaa iyo inta Dastuur Federaal ah la qaadanayo lana mideynayo Dastuurkaas iyo Dastuurka Puntland. Itoobiya sidoo kale waxay macaamil iyo xiriir la leedahay Puntland.

Faaqidaadda kore waxaa kasoo baxaysa in Soomaaliya wali ay dib-u-heshiisiin ku jirto, farina kama qodna. Waxaan Ilaahey ka rajaynaynaa in madaxda Soomaaliya heerarkooda kala duwan ay sidaas gartaan oo ay u howlgalaan sidii laysugu soo dhoweyn lahaa dalka loona yagleeli lahaa dowlad Soomaaliyeed heshiis lagu yahay oo ilaalisa danaha qaranka daryeeshana duruufaha dadkeeda.

 

 

la soco qaybaha kale oo aan ku soo bandhigi doono safarradaydii dad iyo dalbarasho ee Itoobiya.

Arafat

Waxaan ahay shakhsi dhex-dhexaad ah, jecel inuu aqoon iyo ogaal kororsado, qirsan xaqiiqda (dhabta) ah ee la hubiyay, oggol in la kala aragti duwanaan karo iyadoon wada noolaashaha waxba loo dhimeyn. I am a neutral person who loves to learn and know more, acknowledges the truth, allows differences of opinion without compromising coexistence.

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